First, make sure you have followed the installation instructions to get a working MirageOS installation. The examples below are in the mirage-skeleton repository. Begin by cloning and changing directory to it:
$ git clone git://github.com/mirage/mirage-skeleton.git
$ cd mirage-skeletonThe mirage-skeleton repository classifies its examples into three groups.
This document refers to unikernels in the tutorial directory.
Note: Before we begin, if you aren't familiar with the Lwt library (and the
>>= operator it provides), you may want to read at least the start of
the Lwt tutorial first.
Additional note: Throughout the tutorial, we'll use mirage configure -t unix
to demonstrate building MirageOS applications. If you're using a macOS
machine, you should use mirage configure -t macosx instead.
Before we try and do anything complicated, let's build a unikernel that starts and then exits, without doing anything else. The code for this is, as you might hope, fairly short. First, the unikernel itself:
$ cat tutorial/noop/unikernel.ml
let start =
Lwt.return_unitSo this is a unikernel whose entry point (start) does nothing other than
return an Lwt thread that will evaluate to unit. Easy.
Before we can build even our noop unikernel, we must define its configuration.
That is, we need to tell Mirage what OCaml module contains the start entry
point. We do this by writing a config.ml file that sits next to our
unikernel.ml file:
$ cat tutorial/noop/config.ml
open Mirage
let main =
foreign "Unikernel" job
let () =
register "noop" [main]There's a little more going on here than in unikernel.ml. First we open the
Mirage module to save on typing. Next, we define a value main. This name is
only a convention, and you should feel free to change it if you wish.
main calls the foreign function, passing two parameters.
The first is a string declaring the module name that contains
our entry point — in this case, standard OCaml compilation behaviour means that
the unikernel.ml file produces a module named Unikernel. Again, there's
nothing special about this name, and if you want to use something else here,
simply rename unikernel.ml accordingly.
The second parameter, job, is a bit more interesting. This declares the type
of our unikernel in terms of the devices (that is, things such as network
interfaces, network stacks, filesystems and so on) it requires to operate. As
this is a unikernel that does nothing, it needs no devices and so is simply a
job.
Finally, we declare the entry point to OCaml in the usual way (let () = ...),
registering our unikernel entry point (main) with a name ("noop" in this
case) to be used when we build our unikernel.
Building our unikernel is then simply a matter of evaluating its configuration:
$ cd tutorial/noop
/Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/tutorial/noop
$ mirage configure -t unix...installing dependencies:
$ make depend
opam pin add --no-action --yes mirage-unikernel-noop-unix .
[NOTE] Package mirage-unikernel-noop-unix is already path-pinned to /Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/noop.
This will erase any previous custom definition.
Proceed ? [Y/n] y
[mirage-unikernel-noop-unix] /Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/noop/ synchronized
[mirage-unikernel-noop-unix] Installing new package description from /Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/noop
opam depext --yes mirage-unikernel-noop-unix
# Detecting depexts using flags: x86_64 osx homebrew
# The following system packages are needed:
# - camlp4
# All required OS packages found.
opam install --yes --deps-only mirage-unikernel-noop-unix
=-=- Synchronising pinned packages =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 🐫
[mirage-unikernel-noop-unix] /Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/noop/ already up-to-date
opam pin remove --no-action mirage-unikernel-noop-unix
mirage-unikernel-noop-unix is now unpinned from path /Users/mort/research/projects/mirage/src/mirage-skeleton/noop...and compiling:
$ make
mirage build
ocamlfind ocamldep -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -modules main.ml > main.ml.depends
ocamlfind ocamldep -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -modules key_gen.ml > key_gen.ml.depends
ocamlfind ocamldep -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -modules unikernel.ml > unikernel.ml.depends
ocamlfind ocamlc -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o key_gen.cmo key_gen.ml
ocamlfind ocamlc -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o unikernel.cmo unikernel.ml
ocamlfind ocamlc -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o main.cmo main.ml
ocamlfind ocamlopt -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o key_gen.cmx key_gen.ml
ocamlfind ocamlopt -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o unikernel.cmx unikernel.ml
ocamlfind ocamlopt -c -g -g -bin-annot -safe-string -principal -strict-sequence -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix -w A-4-41-42-44 -color always -o main.cmx main.ml
ocamlfind ocamlopt -g -linkpkg -g -package mirage-unix -package mirage-types-lwt -package mirage-types -package mirage-runtime -package mirage-logs -package mirage-clock-unix -package lwt -package functoria-runtime -predicates mirage_unix key_gen.cmx unikernel.cmx main.cmx -o main.nativeAs we configured for Unix (the -t unix argument to the mirage configure
command), the result is a standard Unix ELF binary that can simply be executed:
$ ls -l noop
lrwxrwxr-x 1 mort staff 18 Jan 12 12:11 noop@ -> _build/main.native
$ ls -l _build/main.native
-rwxrwxr-x 1 mort staff 2690564 Jan 12 12:11 _build/main.native*
$ ./noop
$ echo $?
0Congratulations! You've just built and run your very first unikernel!
Functors are one of those OCaml things that can seem a bit intimidating at first (traditionally, "monads" get the same sort of reaction). However, as they're used fairly widely throughout Mirage, a very brief introduction to the commonest way we use them is needed. For a better introduction as to how to actually make use of them, what they are, and so on see Real World OCaml, Ch.9 (and also Ch.10, First-Class Modules).
In short, in Mirage, they're used as a way to abstract over the target
environment for the unikernel. Functors are, roughly, functions from modules to
modules, and they allow us to pass modules into a unikernel so that the code
inside a unikernel can interact with its environment (read files, send packets,
etc) without needing to care whether it's been built to target Unix, Xen, KVM, or
something else entirely. The modules that are passed into the unikernel in this
way are required to conform to type signatures that are specified when the
unikernel job value is created in the config.ml file.
We'll see several examples of this below but, for now, we need to wrap up our
noop unikernel in a module inside the Unikernel module so that we can use it
as a functor. This is actually quite straightforward — we simply wrap the
start function in unikernel.ml inside some module. For example,
$ cat tutorial/noop-functor/unikernel.ml
module Main = struct
let start =
Lwt.return_unit
endThe use of the name Main is purely convention, and you should feel free to
replace it with completely different if you wish!
The only other change is to the corresponding invocation in config.ml:
$ cat tutorial/noop-functor/config.ml
open Mirage
let main =
foreign "Unikernel.Main" job
let () =
register "noop" [main]Note that the string passed to foreign is now "Unikernel.Main" as we must
refer to the Main module inside the Unikernel module. Everything else stays
the same. Go ahead and try that out by building the unikernel inside
noop-functor.
...and now, onwards to unikernels that actually do something!
As a first step, let's build and run the MirageOS "Hello World" unikernel.
This will print a log message with the word hello 4 times before terminating:
2017-02-08 09:54:44 -01:00: INF [application] hello
2017-02-08 09:54:45 -01:00: INF [application] hello
2017-02-08 09:54:46 -01:00: INF [application] hello
2017-02-08 09:54:47 -01:00: INF [application] helloFirst, let's look at the code:
$ cat hello/unikernel.ml
open Lwt.Infix
module Hello (Time : Mirage_time_lwt.S) = struct
let start _time =
let rec loop = function
| 0 -> Lwt.return_unit
| n ->
Logs.info (fun f -> f "hello");
Time.sleep_ns (Duration.of_sec 1) >>= fun () ->
loop (n-1)
in
loop 4
endTo veteran OCaml programmers among you, this might look a little odd: We have a
Main module parameterised by a module (Time, of type Mirage_time_lwt.S) that contains a method start taking an ignored parameter _time (an instance of a time). This is the basic structure required to make this a MirageOS unikernel
rather than a standard OCaml POSIX application.
The module type for our Time module, Mirage_time_lwt.S, is defined in an
external package mirage-time. The name S for "the module type of things like this" is a common OCaml convention (comparable to naming the most-used type in a module t). There are many packages defining module types for use in Mirage. For ease of discovery, a list of the module types that Mirage knows about is maintained
in the types/ directory
of the main MirageOS repository. The Mirage_types module gives abstract definitions that leave some important primitives unspecified; the Mirage_types_lwt module contains more concrete definitions for use in programs. Since you'll find yourself referring back to
these quite often when building MirageOS applications, it's worth bookmarking
the documentation for this module.
The concrete implementation of Time will be supplied at
compile time, depending on the target that you are compiling for. This
configuration is stored in config.ml, so let's take a look:
$ cat tutorial/hello/config.ml
open Mirage
let main =
foreign
~packages:[package "duration"]
"Unikernel.Hello" (time @-> job)
let () =
register "hello" [main $ default_time]The configuration file is a normal OCaml module that calls register to create
one or more jobs, each of which represent a process (with a start/stop
lifecycle). Each job most likely depends on some device drivers; all the
available device drivers are defined in the Mirage module
(see the Mirage module documentation).
In this case, the main variable declares that the entry point of the process
is the Hello module from the file unikernel.ml. The @-> combinator is used
to add a device driver to the list of functor arguments in the job definition
(see unikernel.ml), and the final value of using this combinator should always
be a job if you intend to register it.
The foreign function also takes some additional arguments: ~keys, the list of
configuration keys we want to allow the user to specify at configuration or build time, and
packages, a list of additional opam packages that should be included in the list of
build dependencies for the project. We'll talk more about configuration keys in the next example.
Notice that we refer to the module name as a string ("Unikernel.Hello") when
calling foreign, instead of directly as
an OCaml value. The mirage command-line tool evaluates this configuration file
at build time and outputs a main.ml that has the concrete values filled in for
you, with the exact modules varying by which backend you selected (e.g. Unix or
Xen).
MirageOS mirrors the unikernel model on Unix as far as possible: your application is built as a unikernel which needs to be instantiated and run whether on Unix or on a hypervisor backend like Xen or KVM. When your unikernel is run, it starts much like a conventional OS does when run as a virtual machine, and so it must be passed references to devices such as the console, network interfaces and block devices on startup.
In this case, this simple hello world example requires some notion of time,
so we register a single Job consisting of the Unikernel.Hello module
(and, implicitly its start function) and pass it references to a
timer.
We invoke all this by configuring, building and finally running the resulting unikernel under Unix first.
$ cd tutorial/hello
$ mirage configure -t unixmirage configure generates a Makefile with all the build rules included from
evaluating the configuration file, a main.ml that represents the entry point
of your unikernel, and an opam file with a list of the packages necessary to
build the unikernel.
$ make dependIn order to automatically install the dependencies discovered by mirage
configure in your current opam switch, execute make depend.
$ makeThis builds a Unix binary called hello that contains the simple console
application. If you are on a multicore machine and want to do parallel builds,
export OPAMJOBS=4 (or some other value equal to the number of cores) will do
the trick.
Finally to run your application, simply run it directly — as it is a standard Unix binary — and observe the exciting log messages that our loop is generating:
$ ./helloNote: The following sections of this tutorial use the Solo5-based hvt backend as an example. This backend is supported on Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD systems with hardware virtualization. Please see the Solo5 documentation for the support status of further backends such as virtio (for deployment on e.g. Google Compute Engine) and muen (for deployment on the Muen Separation Kernel).
To build a Solo5-based unikernel that will run on a host system with hardware virtualization, re-run mirage configure and ask for the hvt target instead of unix.
$ mirage configure -t hvt
$ make depend
$ makeEverything else remains the same! The set of dependencies required, the main.ml, and the Makefile differ significantly, but since the source code of your application was
parameterised over the Time type, it doesn't matter — you do not need to
make any changes for your code to run when linked against the Solo5 console driver
instead of Unix.
When you build the hvt version, you'll see some new artifacts: a solo5-hvt binary and a file called hello.hvt. hello.hvt is the unikernel, and solo5-hvt is a specialised tender for your unikernel. To try running hello.hvt, pass it as an argument to solo5-hvt:
$ ./solo5-hvt hello.hvt
| ___|
__| _ \ | _ \ __ \
\__ \ ( | | ( | ) |
____/\___/ _|\___/____/
Solo5: Memory map: 512 MB addressable:
Solo5: unused @ (0x0 - 0xfffff)
Solo5: text @ (0x100000 - 0x1e8fff)
Solo5: rodata @ (0x1e9000 - 0x220fff)
Solo5: data @ (0x221000 - 0x2d0fff)
Solo5: heap >= 0x2d1000 < stack < 0x20000000
2018-06-21 12:16:28 -00:00: INF [application] hello
2018-06-21 12:16:29 -00:00: INF [application] hello
2018-06-21 12:16:30 -00:00: INF [application] hello
2018-06-21 12:16:31 -00:00: INF [application] hello
Solo5: solo5_exit(0) calledWe get some additional output from the initialization of the unikernel and its successful boot, then we see our expected output, and Solo5's report of the application's successful completion.
It's very common to pass additional runtime information to a program via command-line options or arguments. But a unikernel doesn't have access to a command line, so how can we pass it runtime information?
Mirage provides a nice abstraction for this in the form of configuration keys. The Mirage module provides a module Key, which contains functions for creating and using configuration keys. For an example, let's have a look at hello-key:
$ cd tutorial/hello-key
$ cat config.ml
open Mirage
let key =
let doc = Key.Arg.info ~doc:"How to say hello." ["hello"] in
Key.(create "hello" Arg.(opt string "Hello World!" doc))
let main =
foreign
~keys:[Key.abstract key]
~packages:[package "duration"]
"Unikernel.Hello" (time @-> job)
let () =
register "hello" [main $ default_time]We create a key with Key.create which is an optional bit of configuration. It will default to "Hello World!" if unspecified. This particular key happens to be of type string, so no conversion will be required, but it's possible to ask for more exotic types in the call to Arg. See the Functoria Key.Arg module documentation for more details.
Once we've created our configuration key, we specify that we'd like it available in the unikernel by passing it to foreign in the keys parameter.
We can then read the value corresponding to configuration key using the generated function Key_gen.hello as shown below.
$ cat unikernel.ml
open Lwt.Infix
module Hello (Time : Mirage_time_lwt.S) = struct
let start _time =
let hello = Key_gen.hello () in
let rec loop = function
| 0 -> Lwt.return_unit
| n ->
Logs.info (fun f -> f "%s" hello);
Time.sleep_ns (Duration.of_sec 1) >>= fun () ->
loop (n-1)
in
loop 4
endLet's configure the example for Unix and build it:
$ mirage configure -t unix
$ make depend
$ makeWhen the target is Unix, Mirage will use an implementation for configuration keys that looks at the contents of OS.Env.argv. In other words, it looks directly at the command line that was used to invoke the program. If we call hello with no arguments, the default value is used:
$ ./hello
2017-02-08 18:18:23 -03:00: INF [application] Hello World!
2017-02-08 18:18:24 -03:00: INF [application] Hello World!
2017-02-08 18:18:25 -03:00: INF [application] Hello World!
2017-02-08 18:18:26 -03:00: INF [application] Hello World!but we can ask for something else:
$ ./hello --hello="Bonjour!"
2017-02-08 18:20:46 +09:00: INF [application] Bonjour!
2017-02-08 18:20:47 +09:00: INF [application] Bonjour!
2017-02-08 18:20:48 +09:00: INF [application] Bonjour!
2017-02-08 18:20:49 +09:00: INF [application] Bonjour!When the target is Unix, it's also possible to get useful hints by calling the generated program with --help.
Many configuration keys can be specified either at configuration time or at run time. mirage configure will allow us to change the default value for hello, while retaining the ability to override it at runtime:
$ mirage configure -t unix --hello="Hola!"
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./hello
2017-02-08 18:30:30 +06:00: INF [application] Hola!
2017-02-08 18:30:31 +06:00: INF [application] Hola!
2017-02-08 18:30:32 +06:00: INF [application] Hola!
2017-02-08 18:30:33 +06:00: INF [application] Hola!
$ ./hello --hello="Hi!"
2017-02-08 18:30:54 +06:00: INF [application] Hi!
2017-02-08 18:30:55 +06:00: INF [application] Hi!
2017-02-08 18:30:56 +06:00: INF [application] Hi!
2017-02-08 18:30:57 +06:00: INF [application] Hi!When configured for non-Unix backends, other mechanisms are used to pass the runtime information to the unikernel. solo5-hvt, which we used to run hello.hvt in the non-keyed example, will pass keys specified on the command line to the unikernel when invoked:
$ cd tutorial/hello-key
$ mirage configure -t hvt
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./solo5-hvt -- hello.hvt --hello="Hola!"
| ___|
__| _ \ | _ \ __ \
\__ \ ( | | ( | ) |
____/\___/ _|\___/____/
Solo5: Memory map: 512 MB addressable:
Solo5: unused @ (0x0 - 0xfffff)
Solo5: text @ (0x100000 - 0x1e8fff)
Solo5: rodata @ (0x1e9000 - 0x220fff)
Solo5: data @ (0x221000 - 0x2d1fff)
Solo5: heap >= 0x2d2000 < stack < 0x20000000
2018-06-21 12:18:03 -00:00: INF [application] Hola!
2018-06-21 12:18:04 -00:00: INF [application] Hola!
2018-06-21 12:18:05 -00:00: INF [application] Hola!
2018-06-21 12:18:06 -00:00: INF [application] Hola!
Solo5: solo5_exit(0) calledMost useful unikernels will need to obtain data from the outside world, so we'll explain this subsystem next.
The device-usage/block/
directory in mirage-skeleton contains an example of attaching a raw block
device to your unikernel.
The Mirage_block_lwt
interface signature contains the operations that are possible on a block device:
primarily reading and writing aligned buffers to a 64-bit offset within the
device.
On Unix, the development workflow to handle block devices is by mapping them
onto local files. The config.ml for the block example contains some logic for automatically creating a disk image file (and removing it when mirage clean is called), in addition to a more familiar-looking set of calls to foreign and register:
open Mirage
type shellconfig = ShellConfig
let shellconfig = Type ShellConfig
let config_shell = impl @@ object
inherit base_configurable
method build _i =
Bos.OS.Cmd.run Bos.Cmd.(v "dd" % "if=/dev/zero" % "of=disk.img" % "count=100000")
method clean _i =
Bos.OS.File.delete (Fpath.v "disk.img")
method module_name = "Functoria_runtime"
method name = "shell_config"
method ty = shellconfig
end
let main =
let packages = [ package "io-page"; package "duration"; package ~build:true "bos"; package ~build:true "fpath" ] in
foreign
~packages
~deps:[abstract config_shell] "Unikernel.Main" (time @-> block @-> job)
let img = block_of_file "disk.img"
let () =
register "block_test" [main $ default_time $ img]The main binding looks much like the earlier hello example, except for the
addition of a block device in the list. When we register the job, we supply a
block device from a local file via block_of_file.
As an aside, if you have your editor configured with OCaml mode, you should
be able to see the inferred types for some of the variables in the
configuration file. The @-> and $ combinators are
designed such that any mismatches in the declared device driver types and
the concrete registered implementations will result in a type error at
configuration time.
Build this on Unix in the same way as the previous examples:
$ cd device-usage/block
$ mirage configure -t unix
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./block_testblock_test will write a series
of patterns to the block device and read them back to check that they are the
same (the logic for this is in unikernel.ml within the Block_test module).
We can build this example for another backend too:
$ mirage configure -t hvt
$ make depend
$ makeNow we just need to boot the unikernel with solo5-hvt as before. We should see
the same output after the VM boot preamble, but now MirageOS is linked against the
Solo5 block device driver and is
mapping the unikernel's block requests directly through to it, rather than
relying on the host OS (the Linux or FreeBSD kernel).
If we tell solo5-hvt where the disk image is, it will provide that disk image to the unikernel:
$ ./solo5-hvt --disk=disk.img block_test.hvt
| ___|
__| _ \ | _ \ __ \
\__ \ ( | | ( | ) |
____/\___/ _|\___/____/
Solo5: Memory map: 512 MB addressable:
Solo5: unused @ (0x0 - 0xfffff)
Solo5: text @ (0x100000 - 0x1eefff)
Solo5: rodata @ (0x1ef000 - 0x228fff)
Solo5: data @ (0x229000 - 0x2dffff)
Solo5: heap >= 0x2e0000 < stack < 0x20000000
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: INF [block] sectors = 100000
read_write=true
sector_size=512
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: ERR [block] Expecting error output from the following operation...
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: ERR [block] Expecting error output from the following operation...
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: ERR [block] Expecting error output from the following operation...
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: ERR [block] Expecting error output from the following operation...
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: INF [block] Test sequence finished
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: INF [block] Total tests started: 10
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: INF [block] Total tests passed: 10
2018-06-21 12:21:11 -00:00: INF [block] Total tests failed: 0
Solo5: solo5_exit(0) calledThe earlier block device example shows how very low-level access can work. Now let's move up to a more familiar abstraction: a key/value store that can retrieve buffers from string keys. This is essential for many common uses such as retrieving configuration data or website HTML and images.
The
device-usage/kv_ro directory
in mirage-skeleton contains a simple key/value store example. The
subdirectory t/ contains a few files, one of which the unikernel
will compare against a known constant.
The config.ml might look familiar after the earlier block and console
examples:
open Mirage
let disk = generic_kv_ro "t"
let main =
foreign
"Unikernel.Main" (kv_ro @-> job)
let () =
register "kv_ro" [main $ disk]We construct the kv_ro device disk by using the generic_kv_ro
function. This takes a single directory as its argument, and will do its best
to provide the content of that directory to the unikernel by whatever means
make sense given the target provided at configuration time. The best choice might be an
implementation that calls functions from OCaml's Unix module (referred to as
direct by the mirage tool), or perhaps a function
that transforms an entire directory into a static ML file that can expose
the file contents directly from memory (called crunch). crunch removes the need to have
an external block device entirely and is very convenient indeed for small files.
Using generic_kv_ro in your config.ml causes Mirage to automatically create a
configuration key, kv_ro, which you can use to request a specific implementation
of the key-value store's implementation. To see documentation, try:
$ cd device-usage/kv_ro
$ mirage help configureUnder the "UNIKERNEL PARAMETERS" section, you should see:
--kv_ro=KV_RO (absent=crunch)
Use a fat, archive, crunch or direct pass-through implementation
for the unikernel.More documentation is available at the Mirage module documentation for generic_kv_ro.
Let's try a few different kinds of key-value implementations. First, we'll build a Unix version. If we don't specify which kind of kv_ro we want, we'll get a crunch implementation, the contents of which we can see at static1.ml:
$ cd device-usage/kv_ro
$ mirage configure -t unix
$ make depend
$ make
$ less static1.ml # the generated filesystem
$ ./kv_roWe can use the direct implementation with the Unix target as well:
$ cd device-usage/kv_ro
$ mirage configure -t unix --kv_ro=direct
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./kv_roYou may have noticed that, unlike with our hello_key example, the kv_ro key
can't be specified at runtime — it's only understood as an argument to mirage configure. This is because the kv_ro implementation we choose influences the set of dependencies that are assembled and baked into the final product. If we choose direct, we'll get a different set of software than if we choose crunch. In either case, no code that isn't required will be included in the final product.
You should now be seeing the power of the MirageOS configuration tool: We have built several applications that use fairly complex concepts such as filesystems and block devices that are independent of the implementations (by virtue of our application logic being a functor), and then are able to assemble several combinations of unikernels via relatively simple configuration files and options passed at compile time and runtime.
There are several ways that we might want to configure our network for a Mirage application:
xen, hvt, or virtio shouldn't
result in a change in behavior.All of this can be manipulated via command-line arguments or environment variables,
just as we configured the key-value store in the previous example. The example in
the device-usage/network directory of mirage-skeleton is illustrative:
open Mirage
let port =
let doc = Key.Arg.info ~doc:"The TCP port on which to listen for incoming connections." ["port"] in
Key.(create "port" Arg.(opt int 8080 doc))
let main = foreign ~keys:[Key.abstract port] "Unikernel.Main" (stackv4 @-> job)
let stack = generic_stackv4 default_network
let () =
register "network" [
main $ stack
]We have a custom configuration key defining which TCP port to listen for connections on.
The network device is derived from default_network, a function provided by Mirage which will choose a reasonable default based on the target the user chooses to pass to mirage configure - just like the reasonable default provided by generic_kv_ro in the previous example.
generic_stackv4 attempts to build a sensible network stack on top of the physical interface given by default_network. There are quite a few configuration keys exposed when generic_stackv4 is given related to networking configuration. For a full list, try mirage help configure in the device-usage/network directory.
Let's get the network stack compiling using the standard Unix sockets APIs first.
$ cd device-usage/network
$ mirage configure -t unix --net socket
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./networkThis Unix application is now listening on TCP port 8080,
and will print to the console information about data received.
Let's try talking to it using
the commonly available netcat nc(1) utility. From a different console
execute:
$ echo -n hello tcp world | nc -nw1 127.0.0.1 8080You should see log messages documenting your connection from 127.0.0.1
in the console running ./network. You may have noticed that some
information that you may have expected to see after looking at unikernel.ml
isn't being output. That's because we haven't specified the log level for
./network, and it defaults to info. Some of the output for this application
is sent with the log level set to debug, so to see it, we need to run ./network
with a higher log level for all logs:
$ ./network -l "*:debug"The program will then output the debug-level logs, which include the content of any messages it reads. Here's an example of what you might see:
$ ./network -l "*:debug"
2017-02-10 17:23:24 +02:00: INF [tcpip-stack-socket] Manager: connect
2017-02-10 17:23:24 +02:00: INF [tcpip-stack-socket] Manager: configuring
2017-02-10 17:23:27 +02:00: INF [application] new tcp connection from IP 127.0.0.1 on port 36358
2017-02-10 17:23:27 +02:00: DBG [application] read: 15 bytes:
hello tcp worldNext, let's try using the direct MirageOS network stack. It will be necessary to run these programs with sudo or as the root user, as they need direct access to a network device. We won't be able to contact them via the loopback interface on 127.0.0.1 either — the stack will need to either obtain IP address information via DHCP, or it can be configured directly via the --ipv4 configuration key.
To configure via DHCP:
$ cd device-usage/network
$ mirage configure -t unix --dhcp true --net direct
$ make depend
$ make
$ sudo ./network -l "*:debug"Hopefully, the application will successfully receive its network configuration. Once the program has completed the lease transaction, it will log the configuration information, and you'll be able to contact it as before via its own IP.
By default, if we do not use DHCP with a direct network stack, Mirage will
configure the stack to use an address of 10.0.0.2. You can specify a different address
with the --ipv4 configuration key. Depending on whether you've
configured with -t macosx or -t unix, the logic for contacting the application
from another terminal will be different.
For unix:
Verify that you have an existing tap0 interface by reviewing $ sudo ip link
show; if you do not, load the tuntap kernel module ($ sudo modprobe tun) and
create a tap0 interface owned by you ($ sudo tunctl -u $USER -t tap0). Bring
tap0 up using $ sudo ifconfig tap0 10.0.0.1 up, then:
$ cd device-usage/network
$ mirage configure -t unix --dhcp false --net direct
$ make depend
$ make
$ sudo ./network -l "*:debug"For macosx:
(* TODO! *)Now you should be able to ping the unikernel's interface:
$ ping 10.0.0.2
PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=38 time=0.527 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=38 time=0.367 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=38 time=0.291 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.291/0.395/0.527/0.098 msFinally, you can then execute the same nc(1) commands as before (modulo the
target IP address of course!) to interact with the running unikernel:
$ echo -n hello tcp world | nc -nw1 10.0.0.2 8080And you will see the same output in the unikernel's terminal:
read: 15 "hello tcp world"Let's make a network-enabled unikernel with hvt! The IP configuration should be similar to what you've set up in the previous examples, but instead of -t unix or -t macosx, build with a hvt target. If you need to specify a static IP address, remember that it should go at the end of the command in which you invoke solo5-hvt, just like the argument to hello in the hello-key example.
$ cd device-usage/network
$ mirage configure -t hvt --dhcp true # for environments where DHCP works
$ make depend
$ make
$ ./solo5-hvt --net=tap100 -- network.hvt --ipv4=10.0.0.10/24
| ___|
__| _ \ | _ \ __ \
\__ \ ( | | ( | ) |
____/\___/ _|\___/____/
Solo5: Memory map: 512 MB addressable:
Solo5: unused @ (0x0 - 0xfffff)
Solo5: text @ (0x100000 - 0x213fff)
Solo5: rodata @ (0x214000 - 0x255fff)
Solo5: data @ (0x256000 - 0x331fff)
Solo5: heap >= 0x332000 < stack < 0x20000000
2018-06-21 12:24:46 -00:00: INF [netif] Plugging into 0 with mac 3a:40:76:41:5d:b0
2018-06-21 12:24:46 -00:00: INF [ethif] Connected Ethernet interface 3a:40:76:41:5d:b0
2018-06-21 12:24:46 -00:00: INF [arpv4] Connected arpv4 device on 3a:40:76:41:5d:b0
2018-06-21 12:24:46 -00:00: INF [udp] UDP interface connected on 10.0.0.10
2018-06-21 12:24:46 -00:00: INF [tcpip-stack-direct] stack assembled: mac=3a:40:76:41:5d:b0,ip=10.0.0.10See the Solo5 documentation on running Solo5-based unikernels for details on how to set up the tap100 interface used above for hvt networking.
There are a number of other examples in device-usage/ which show some simple invocations
of various devices like consoles and clocks. You may also be
interested in the applications/ directory of the mirage-skeleton
repository, which contains examples that use multiple devices to build nontrivial
applications, like DNS, DHCP, and HTTPS servers.
The real MirageOS website (which is itself a unikernel) may also be of interest to you! Documentation is available at mirage-www, and the source code is published in a public GitHub repository.